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Adaptive bitrate streaming - Wikipedia. Adaptive streaming overview.

Adaptive streaming in action. Adaptive bitrate streaming is a technique used in streamingmultimedia over computer networks. While in the past most video streaming technologies utilized streaming protocols such as RTP with RTSP, today's adaptive streaming technologies are almost exclusively based on HTTP[1] and designed to work efficiently over large distributed HTTP networks such as the Internet. It works by detecting a user's bandwidth and CPU capacity in real time and adjusting the quality of a video stream accordingly. It requires the use of an encoder which can encode a single source video at multiple bit rates. The player client[2] switches between streaming the different encodings depending on available resources.[3] "The result: very little buffering, fast start time and a good experience for both high- end and low- end connections."[4]More specifically, and as the implementations in use today are, adaptive bitrate streaming is a method of video streaming over HTTP where the source content is encoded at multiple bit rates, then each of the different bit rate streams are segmented into small multi- second parts.[5] The streaming client is made aware of the available streams at differing bit rates, and segments of the streams by a manifest file.

When starting, the client requests the segments from the lowest bit rate stream. If the client finds the download speed is greater than the bit rate of the segment downloaded, then it will request the next higher bit rate segments. Later, if the client finds the download speed for a segment is lower than the bit rate for the segment, and therefore the network throughput has deteriorated, then it will request a lower bit rate segment. The segment size can vary depending on the particular implementation, but they are typically between two (2) and ten (1.

Current uses[edit]Post- production houses, content delivery networks and studios use adaptive bit rate technology in order to provide consumers with higher quality video using less manpower and fewer resources. The creation of multiple video outputs, particularly for adaptive bit rate streaming, adds great value to consumers.[6] If the technology is working properly, the end user or consumer's content should play back without interruption and potentially go unnoticed. Media companies have been actively using adaptive bit rate technology for many years now and it has essentially become standard practice for high- end streaming providers; permitting little buffering when streaming high- resolution feeds (begins with low- resolution and climbs).

Benefits of adaptive bitrate streaming[edit]Traditional server- driven adaptive bitrate streaming provides consumers of streaming media with the best- possible experience, since the media server automatically adapts to any changes in each user's network and playback conditions. The media and entertainment industry also benefit from adaptive bitrate streaming. As the video space grows, content delivery networks and video providers can provide customers with a superior viewing experience. Adaptive bitrate technology requires additional encoding, but simplifies the overall workflow and creates better results. HTTP- based adaptive bitrate streaming technologies yield additional benefits over traditional server- driven adaptive bitrate streaming. First, since the streaming technology is built on top of HTTP, contrary to RTP- based adaptive streaming, the packets have no difficulties traversing firewall and NAT devices.

Second, since HTTP streaming is purely client- driven, all adaptation logic resides at the client. This reduces the requirement of persistent connections between server and client application. Furthermore, the server is not required to maintain session state information on each client, increasing scalability.

Finally, existing HTTP delivery infrastructure, such as HTTP caches and servers can be seamlessly adopted.[7][8][9][1. A scalable CDN is used to deliver media streaming to an Internet audience.

The CDN receives the stream from the source at its Origin server, then replicates it to many or all of its Edge cache servers. The end- user requests the stream and is redirected to the "closest" Edge server.

This can be tested using libdash[1. Distributed DASH (D- DASH) dataset,[1. Europe, Asia and the US. The use of HTTP- based adaptive streaming allows the Edge server to run a simple HTTP server software, whose licence cost is cheap or free, reducing software licensing cost, compared to costly media server licences (e.

Adobe Flash Media Streaming Server). The CDN cost for HTTP streaming media is then similar to HTTP web caching CDN cost. History[edit]Adaptive bit rate over HTTP was created by the DVD Forum at the WG1 Special Streaming group in October 2.

The group was co- chaired by Toshiba and Phoenix Technologies, The expert group count with the collaboration of Microsoft, Apple Computer, DTS Inc., Warner Brothers, 2. Century Fox, Digital Deluxe, Disney, Macromedia and Akamai.[dubious– discuss][citation needed] The technology was originally called DVDover. IP and was an integral effort of the DVD ENAV book.[1. The concept came from storing MPEG- 1 and MPEG- 2 DVD TS Sectors into small 2.

KB files, which will be served using an HTTP server to the player. The MPEG- 1 segments provided the lower bandwidth stream, while the MPEG- 2 provided a higher bit rate stream. The original XML schema provided a simple playlist of bit rates, languages and url servers. The first working prototype was presented to the DVD Forum by Phoenix Technologies at the Harman Kardon Lab in Villingen Germany.[citation needed]Implementations[edit]Adaptive bit rate streaming was introduced by Move Networks and is now being developed and utilized by Adobe Systems, Apple, Microsoft and Octoshape.[1. In October 2. 01. Move Networks was awarded a patent for their adaptive bit rate streaming (US patent number 7. MPEG- DASH[edit]MPEG- DASH is the only adaptive bit- rate HTTP- based streaming solution that is an international standard[1.

MPEG- DASH technology was developed under MPEG. Work on DASH started in 2. Draft International Standard in January 2. International Standard in November 2. The MPEG- DASH standard was published as ISO/IEC 2.

April, 2. 01. 2. MPEG- DASH is a technology related to Adobe Systems. HTTP Dynamic Streaming, Apple Inc. HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) and Microsoft. Smooth Streaming.[1. DASH is based on Adaptive HTTP streaming (AHS) in 3. GPP Release 9 and on HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) in Open IPTV Forum Release 2.[2. As part of their collaboration with MPEG, 3.

GPP Release 1. 0 has adopted DASH (with specific codecs and operating modes) for use over wireless networks.[2. Standardizing an adaptive streaming solution is meant to provide confidence to the market that the solution can be adopted for universal deployment, compared to similar but more vendor- centric solutions such as HLS by Apple, Smooth Streaming by Microsoft, or HDS by Adobe.

Available implementations are the HTML5- based bitdash MPEG- DASH player[2. C++- based DASH client access library libdash of bitmovin Gmb.

H,[1. 1] the DASH tools of the Institute of Information Technology (ITEC) at Alpen- Adria University Klagenfurt,[2][2. GPAC group at Telecom Paris. Tech,[2. 3] and the dash. DASH- IF. Adobe HTTP Dynamic Streaming[edit]"HTTP Dynamic streaming is the process of efficiently delivering streaming video to users by dynamically switching among different streams of varying quality and size during playback. This provides users with the best possible viewing experience their bandwidth and local computer hardware (CPU) can support. Another major goal of dynamic streaming is to make this process smooth and seamless to users, so that if up- scaling or down- scaling the quality of the stream is necessary, it is a smooth and nearly unnoticeable switch without disrupting the continuous playback."[2.